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Supplement × Supplement·Evidence index

Vitamin E and Vitamin K2: what the research found

PubMed indexes 8 records that name Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 together, either in the title or in an interaction, co-administration, or pharmacokinetic context. The key findings come first, in the authors’ own words, followed by every study with its design and PubMed link.

A summary of published research, not medical advice. A pharmacist can check any combination against your full list of medicines and supplements.

Key findings

What the studies concluded.

Reviews and human studies first. Each quote is the authors’ own conclusion about their study, not a NutriStack assessment, and a single study is not a consensus.

“Six months after starting vitamins K2 and E, the primary tumor did not increase in size and intraperitoneal dissemination disappeared on CT with a significant decrease of alpha-fetoprotein. Even though this is only one case, combination therapy of vitamin K2 and E may induce growth suppression of HCC.”

Otsuka et al. · 2007 · Human study · details

“Our findings suggest a new nutritional means by which fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability can be enhanced via co-ingestion with non-fat fermented milk. This approach could improve nutritional deficiencies of global health concern.”

Morifuji et al. · 2026 · Human study · details

“-0.34 µg/mL (-1.71-2.15), p = 0.010). Liposomes may augment the bioavailability of vitamin A and cyclodextrins may strengthen the supplementation of vitamins D3 and E relative to MCT in pancreatic-insufficient CF but further studies are required to assess liposomal vitamin E (German Clinical Trial Register number DRKS00014295, funded from EU and Norsa Pharma).”

The research

8 studies naming Vitamin E and Vitamin K2.

Strongest relevance first: papers naming both substances in the title, then human trials and systematic reviews.

Vitamin E decreases extra-hepatic menaquinone-4 concentrations in rats fed menadione or phylloquinone.

Molecular nutrition & food research · 2012 · PMID 22707266

Comparative StudyResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Animal study

“Thus, in rats, high tissue α-T depleted tissue MK-4 without significantly increasing urinary vitamin K metabolite excretion. Changes in tissue MK-4 and PK levels may be a result of altered regulation of transporters.”

Farley et al. · Authors' conclusion

Names both Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 in its title.

Hepatocellular carcinoma with peritoneal dissemination which was regressed during vitamin K2 and vitamin E administration.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2007 · PMID 17541221

Case ReportsHuman subjects

“Six months after starting vitamins K2 and E, the primary tumor did not increase in size and intraperitoneal dissemination disappeared on CT with a significant decrease of alpha-fetoprotein. Even though this is only one case, combination therapy of vitamin K2 and E may induce growth suppression of HCC.”

Otsuka et al. · From the abstract

Names both Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 in its title.

Comparative effects of vitamin K2 and vitamin E on experimental arteriosclerosis.

International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition · 1999 · PMID 10052017

Comparative StudyAnimal study

“It is suggested that vitamin K2 and vitamin E promoted an antiarteriosclerotic effect by radical scavenging activity. These actions of vitamin K2 are required in the structure of 2-methylnaphtoquinone and its side chain (geranylgeraniol).”

Seyama et al. · From the abstract

Names both Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 in its title.

Supplementation of rats with a lutein mixture preserved with vitamin E reduces tissue phylloquinone and menaquinone-4.

International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition · 2001 · PMID 11276919

Animal study

“The results suggest that the lutein supplement affected the absorption, tissue uptake and/or turnover rate of vitamin K. The presence of other components in the supplement confounded the interpretation of the biological effects of lutein alone on vitamin K metabolism.”

Mitchell et al. · From the abstract

Names both Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 in its title.

Non-Fat Fermented Milk Enhanced the Bioavailability of Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Humans: A Crossover Study.

Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology · 2026 · PMID 41765411

Randomized Controlled Trial

“Our findings suggest a new nutritional means by which fat-soluble vitamin bioavailability can be enhanced via co-ingestion with non-fat fermented milk. This approach could improve nutritional deficiencies of global health concern.”

Morifuji et al. · From the abstract

Names Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 together in an interaction, co-administration, or pharmacokinetic context.

Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation Using Liposomes, Cyclodextrins, or Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Cystic Fibrosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Nutrients · 2021 · PMID 34960106

Multicenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial

“-0.34 µg/mL (-1.71-2.15), p = 0.010). Liposomes may augment the bioavailability of vitamin A and cyclodextrins may strengthen the supplementation of vitamins D3 and E relative to MCT in pancreatic-insufficient CF but further studies are required to assess liposomal vitamin E (German Clinical Trial Register number DRKS00014295, funded from EU and Norsa Pharma).”

Nowak et al. · From the abstract

Names Vitamin E and Vitamin K2 together in an interaction, co-administration, or pharmacokinetic context.

Limitations

What this evidence cannot tell you.

Search-based evidence indexes have real limits, and it is worth being explicit about them:

How to read this page

A literature summary, not guidance.

NutriStack

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NutriStack is an informational and organizational tool, not a medical service, and not a substitute for professional advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any supplement or medication.