NutriStack Research/298 profiles·196 drug classes·2408 sources

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Browse 298 evidence-graded prescription medication profiles. Filter by name or drug class, or open any profile for the full dossier.

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A

Prescription

Acarbose

Acarbose is an oral alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used with diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes by reducing post-meal glucose spikes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

Prescription

Acitretin

Acitretin is a second-generation systemic retinoid (active metabolite of etretinate) used for the treatment of severe psoriasis (including plaque, pustular

Evidence: Strong
Class: Retinoid / Dermatologic

Prescription

Acyclovir

A nucleoside analog antiviral that is the prototype agent for herpes virus infections. Active against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nucleoside Analog Antiviral

Prescription

Albuterol

A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist (SABA) that is the most widely used rescue inhaler for acute bronchospasm.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonist (SABA)

Prescription

Alendronate

Alendronate is the most widely prescribed bisphosphonate for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, and osteoporosis in men.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Bisphosphonate

Prescription

Alfuzosin

Alfuzosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with relative selectivity for the lower urinary tract, used for the treatment of signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Alpha-1 Blocker / Urologic

Prescription

Allopurinol

A xanthine oxidase inhibitor used as first-line urate-lowering therapy for the chronic management of gout and hyperuricemia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor (Gout)

Prescription

Alprazolam

Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Benzodiazepine

Prescription

Aluminum/Magnesium Hydroxide

A combination antacid containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, used for the symptomatic relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, sour stomach, and peptic ulcer pain.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antacid

Prescription

Amiodarone

Amiodarone is the most effective antiarrhythmic drug available, possessing properties of all four Vaughan-Williams antiarrhythmic classes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Class III Antiarrhythmic

Prescription

Amitriptyline

Prescription tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) originally approved for major depressive disorder but now more commonly used for chronic neuropathic pain, migraine prophylaxis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)

Prescription

Amlodipine

Amlodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives worldwide.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker

Prescription

Amoxicillin

A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, lower respiratory tract infections

Evidence: Strong
Class: Penicillin Antibiotic

Prescription

Amoxicillin-Clavulanate

A combination antibiotic pairing amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. This extends the spectrum of amoxicillin to include beta-lactamase-producing strains of H.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Penicillin/Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination

Prescription

Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine

Prescription central nervous system stimulant (Schedule II controlled substance) containing mixed amphetamine salts (75% dextroamphetamine, 25% levoamphetamine), approved for ADHD and narcolepsy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: CNS Stimulant

Prescription

Ampicillin

Ampicillin is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat susceptible gram-positive and certain gram-negative bacterial infections.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Aminopenicillin antibiotic

Prescription

Apixaban

Apixaban is a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor with strong evidence from the ARISTOTLE trial showing superiority to warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation with less bleeding.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC)

Prescription

Aripiprazole

Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical Antipsychotic

Prescription

Aspirin Low-Dose

Low-dose aspirin (75–100 mg) is an antiplatelet agent widely used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiplatelet Agent

Prescription

Atenolol

Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker used for hypertension and angina. It is hydrophilic and does not cross the blood-brain barrier readily

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Beta-1 Selective Adrenergic Blocker

Prescription

Atomoxetine

Prescription non-stimulant medication approved for ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Non-Stimulant ADHD Medication

Prescription

Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin is a high-intensity statin used to lower LDL cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular risk.

Evidence: Strong
Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin)

Prescription

Azathioprine

Azathioprine is a thiopurine immunosuppressant used for kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease

Evidence: Strong
Class: Purine analog immunosuppressant

Prescription

Azelastine

Azelastine nasal spray is a topical H1 antihistamine used for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Intranasal H1 antihistamine

Prescription

Azithromycin

A macrolide antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive, some gram-negative, and atypical organisms (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Macrolide Antibiotic

B

Prescription

Baclofen

A GABA-B receptor agonist used for the treatment of spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and other spinal cord diseases.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Skeletal Muscle Relaxant (Antispastic)

Prescription

Bempedoic Acid

Bempedoic acid is an oral, once-daily ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor used to lower LDL cholesterol, typically as an add-on to maximally tolerated statins or in statin-intolerant patients.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Lipid-lowering agent (ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor)

Prescription

Benazepril

Benazepril is an ACE inhibitor prodrug used primarily for hypertension. It is also available in combination with amlodipine (Lotrel) and hydrochlorothiazide (Lotensin HCT) for enhanced blood…

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Prescription

Bisacodyl

A diphenylmethane derivative stimulant laxative used for the relief of occasional constipation and for bowel preparation before diagnostic procedures or surgery.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Stimulant Laxative

Prescription

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a highly cardioselective beta-1 blocker with proven mortality reduction in heart failure from the CIBIS-II trial.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Beta-1 Selective Adrenergic Blocker

Prescription

Brimonidine

Brimonidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used topically to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Alpha-2 Agonist / Ophthalmologic

Prescription

Budesonide Inhaled

An inhaled corticosteroid used as a controller medication for persistent asthma. Available as a dry powder inhaler (Flexhaler) for older children and adults

Evidence: Strong
Class: Inhaled Corticosteroid

Prescription

Bupropion

Prescription norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) approved for major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and smoking cessation (marketed as Zyban).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical Antidepressant (NDRI)

Prescription

Buspirone

Prescription non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytic

C

Prescription

Calcitriol

Calcitriol is the active hormonal form of vitamin D used for hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and renal osteodystrophy in selected patients.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Active vitamin D analog

Prescription

Calcium Carbonate

A widely used over-the-counter antacid that provides rapid, short-term relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Antacid

Prescription

Canagliflozin

Canagliflozin was the first SGLT2 inhibitor approved in the United States for type 2 diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Prescription

Candesartan

Candesartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat high blood pressure and chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

Prescription

Captopril

Captopril is a short-acting, orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension, heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Prescription

Carbamazepine

Carbamazepine is a first-generation antiepileptic used for partial seizures with complex symptomatology, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, trigeminal neuralgia

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiepileptic

Prescription

Carvedilol

Carvedilol is a unique third-generation beta-blocker that combines non-selective beta-blockade with alpha-1 receptor antagonism and antioxidant properties.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Non-Selective Beta-Blocker with Alpha-1 Blockade

Prescription

Cefdinir

Cefdinir is a third-generation oral cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat mild to moderate bacterial infections including acute bacterial sinusitis, acute otitis media, pharyngitis/tonsillitis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Cephalosporin antibiotic

Prescription

Cefixime

Cefixime is an oral third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, otitis media, pharyngitis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic

Prescription

Cefpodoxime

Cefpodoxime is an oral third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic administered as the prodrug cefpodoxime proxetil, which is hydrolyzed to active cefpodoxime during intestinal absorption.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Cephalosporin antibiotic (third-generation)

Prescription

Ceftriaxone

A third-generation cephalosporin with broad-spectrum activity against many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Third-Generation Cephalosporin

Prescription

Cefuroxime

Cefuroxime is a second-generation cephalosporin beta-lactam antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections

Evidence: Strong
Class: Second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic

Prescription

Celecoxib

The only selective COX-2 inhibitor currently available in the U.S., celecoxib provides anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects with a significantly lower risk of GI ulceration and bleeding compared…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (COX-2 Selective)

Prescription

Cephalexin

A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with excellent activity against gram-positive cocci including methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and streptococci.

Evidence: Strong
Class: First-Generation Cephalosporin

Prescription

Cetirizine

A second-generation (non-sedating) antihistamine used for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Second-Generation Antihistamine

Prescription

Chlorthalidone

Chlorthalidone is a thiazide-like diuretic with a longer half-life and stronger evidence base than hydrochlorothiazide. It was the diuretic used in the landmark ALLHAT and SHEP trials.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Thiazide-Like Diuretic

Prescription

Cholestyramine

Cholestyramine is an oral, non-absorbed anion-exchange resin used to lower elevated LDL cholesterol and to relieve pruritus associated with partial biliary obstruction.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Bile acid sequestrant

Prescription

Cimetidine

The first commercially available H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine is used for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, GERD, and pathological hypersecretory conditions.

Evidence: Strong
Class: H2 Receptor Antagonist

Prescription

Cinacalcet

Cinacalcet is an oral calcimimetic used for secondary hyperparathyroidism in adults on dialysis and for hypercalcemia in parathyroid carcinoma or selected primary hyperparathyroidism patients.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Calcimimetic calcium-sensing receptor agonist

Prescription

Ciprofloxacin

A second-generation fluoroquinolone with potent gram-negative activity, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic

Prescription

Citalopram

Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder. The racemic mixture of S-citalopram and R-citalopram.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI

Prescription

Clarithromycin

A macrolide antibiotic with activity against gram-positive cocci, atypical organisms (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Macrolide Antibiotic

Prescription

Clindamycin

A lincosamide antibiotic with excellent activity against gram-positive cocci (including many community-acquired MRSA strains), anaerobes, and certain protozoa (Toxoplasma, Plasmodium).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Lincosamide Antibiotic

Prescription

Clomipramine

Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant approved for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tricyclic antidepressant and serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Prescription

Clonazepam

Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for panic disorder and certain seizure disorders (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, akinetic and myoclonic seizures).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Benzodiazepine

Prescription

Clonidine

Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for hypertension, including resistant hypertension, and for several off-label and approved indications such as ADHD

Evidence: Strong
Class: Central alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

Prescription

Clopidogrel

Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor inhibitor widely used for secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiplatelet Agent (P2Y12 Inhibitor)

Prescription

Clozapine

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic reserved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and for reducing recurrent suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia

Prescription

Colchicine

An anti-inflammatory alkaloid derived from the autumn crocus plant, used for the treatment and prevention of gout flares and for familial Mediterranean fever.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anti-Gout / Anti-Inflammatory

Prescription

Combined Oral Contraceptive

Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) contain synthetic estrogen (usually ethinyl estradiol 20–35 mcg) and a progestin component.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Hormonal Contraceptive

Prescription

Cyclobenzaprine

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant structurally related to tricyclic antidepressants, used for the short-term relief of muscle spasm associated with acute

Evidence: Strong
Class: Skeletal Muscle Relaxant

Prescription

Cyclosporine

Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor used to prevent organ transplant rejection and to treat selected autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant

D

Prescription

Dabigatran

Dabigatran is a direct thrombin (factor IIa) inhibitor that was the first DOAC approved for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, based on the RE-LY trial.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC)

Prescription

Dapagliflozin

Dapagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor approved for type 2 diabetes, heart failure (with reduced or preserved ejection fraction), and chronic kidney disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Prescription

Dapsone

Dapsone is a sulfone antibiotic with potent anti-inflammatory properties used both systemically and topically in dermatology.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anti-inflammatory / Dermatologic

Prescription

Dasiglucagon

Dasiglucagon is an FDA-approved glucagon analog peptide rescue drug available as prescription Zegalogue for severe hypoglycemia in adults and pediatric patients with diabetes aged 6 years and older.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Hypoglycemia Rescue

Prescription

Desloratadine

Desloratadine is a second-generation H1 antihistamine used for seasonal allergic rhinitis, perennial allergic rhinitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Second-generation H1 antihistamine

Prescription

Desvenlafaxine

Prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved for major depressive disorder. The primary active metabolite of venlafaxine, administered as its succinate salt.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SNRI

Prescription

Dexamethasone

Dexamethasone is a potent, long-acting synthetic glucocorticoid with approximately 25–30 times the anti-inflammatory potency of hydrocortisone and virtually no mineralocorticoid activity.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Corticosteroid

Prescription

Diazepam

Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for anxiety disorders, acute alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasm, seizure disorders, and as a preanesthetic agent.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Benzodiazepine

Prescription

Diclofenac

A potent nonselective NSAID available in multiple formulations (oral, topical, ophthalmic) used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)

Prescription

Dicloxacillin

Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum, penicillinase-resistant penicillin used primarily for infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing (penicillinase-producing) Staphylococcus aureus

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antistaphylococcal penicillin (penicillinase-resistant penicillin)

Prescription

Dicyclomine

Dicyclomine is an anticholinergic antispasmodic used for functional bowel and irritable bowel syndrome with painful intestinal cramping.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antimuscarinic antispasmodic

Prescription

Digoxin

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used for rate control in atrial fibrillation and symptomatic improvement in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Cardiac Glycoside

Prescription

Diltiazem

Diltiazem is a benzothiazepine-type non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that affects both vascular smooth muscle and cardiac conduction tissue.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Non-Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker

Prescription

Diphenhydramine

A first-generation antihistamine and the prototypical H1 receptor antagonist. Used for allergic reactions (urticaria, angioedema, allergic rhinitis), motion sickness, insomnia (OTC sleep aid)

Evidence: Strong
Class: First-Generation Antihistamine

Prescription

Dofetilide

Dofetilide is a pure class III antiarrhythmic that selectively blocks the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr).

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Class III Antiarrhythmic

Prescription

Donepezil

Donepezil is a centrally-acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Cholinesterase Inhibitor / Alzheimer's

Prescription

Doxepin

Doxepin is a tricyclic antidepressant used at higher doses for depression and anxiety and at very low doses for sleep-maintenance insomnia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tricyclic antidepressant and histamine H1 antagonist

Prescription

Doxycycline

A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic effective against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative, atypical, and intracellular organisms.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tetracycline Antibiotic

Prescription

Dulaglutide

Dulaglutide is an FDA-approved once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide drug available as prescription Trulicity for type 2 diabetes in adults and pediatric patients 10 years and older

Evidence: Strong
Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

Prescription

Duloxetine

Prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia

Evidence: Strong
Class: SNRI

Prescription

Dutasteride

Dutasteride is a dual inhibitor of both type I and type II 5-alpha reductase, resulting in more complete DHT suppression than finasteride (~95% vs ~70%).

Evidence: Strong
Class: 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor / Urologic

E

Prescription

Empagliflozin

Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved for type 2 diabetes and to reduce cardiovascular death in patients with established cardiovascular disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SGLT2 Inhibitor

Prescription

Enalapril

Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor prodrug with landmark evidence from the SOLVD trial demonstrating mortality reduction in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Prescription

Enoxaparin

Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin used for prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, as well as in acute coronary syndromes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH)

Prescription

Eplerenone

Eplerenone is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with significantly less anti-androgenic activity than spironolactone.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Selective Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist

Prescription

Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin and soft-tissue infections, pertussis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Macrolide antibiotic

Prescription

Escitalopram

Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI

Prescription

Esomeprazole

The S-enantiomer of omeprazole, esomeprazole is a potent proton pump inhibitor used to treat GERD, erosive esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and as part of H. pylori eradication therapy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor

Prescription

Estradiol

Estradiol is the primary and most potent endogenous estrogen, used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal symptoms including vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes), vulvovaginal atrophy

Evidence: Strong
Class: Estrogen Hormone

Prescription

Eszopiclone

Prescription non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for insomnia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sedative-Hypnotic (Non-Benzodiazepine)

Prescription

Evolocumab

Evolocumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).

Evidence: Strong
Class: PCSK9 inhibitor (lipid-lowering monoclonal antibody)

Prescription

Ezetimibe

Ezetimibe is a lipid-lowering medication that reduces the intestinal absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Cholesterol absorption inhibitor

F

Prescription

Famciclovir

Famciclovir is an oral antiviral prodrug of penciclovir used to treat infections caused by herpesviruses, including herpes zoster (shingles), genital herpes

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiviral (nucleoside analogue)

Prescription

Famotidine

A histamine-2 receptor antagonist used for the treatment and prevention of duodenal and gastric ulcers, GERD, erosive esophagitis, and conditions involving pathological gastric acid hypersecretion.

Evidence: Strong
Class: H2 Receptor Antagonist

Prescription

Febuxostat

A non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor (Gout)

Prescription

Felodipine

Felodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used primarily to treat hypertension, alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker

Prescription

Fenofibrate

Fenofibrate is an oral fibrate lipid-lowering agent used primarily to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia and mixed dyslipidemia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Fibrate (PPAR-alpha agonist)

Prescription

Fexofenadine

A second-generation antihistamine that is the active carboxylate metabolite of terfenadine.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Second-Generation Antihistamine

Prescription

Finasteride

Finasteride is a selective inhibitor of type II 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate, liver, and skin.

Evidence: Strong
Class: 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor / Urologic

Prescription

Flecainide

Flecainide is a class IC antiarrhythmic agent used for prevention of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Class IC Antiarrhythmic

Prescription

Fluconazole

A first-generation triazole antifungal with excellent activity against most Candida species (except C. krusei and some C. glabrata) and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Triazole Antifungal

Prescription

Fluoxetine

Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, bulimia nervosa, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI

Prescription

Fluticasone Inhaled

An inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) that is a cornerstone of persistent asthma management.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Inhaled Corticosteroid

Prescription

Fluticasone Nasal

An intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) considered the most effective pharmacotherapy class for allergic rhinitis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Intranasal Corticosteroid

Prescription

Fluvoxamine

Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) primarily approved for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults and children aged 8 and older.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI

Prescription

Fosfomycin

Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum bactericidal antibiotic most commonly used as a single oral 3 g dose (as fosfomycin tromethamine) to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections (acute cystitis) in…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Phosphonic acid antibacterial

Prescription

Furosemide

Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic used primarily for edema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Loop Diuretic

G

Prescription

Gabapentin

An anticonvulsant and analgesic used for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Neuropathic Pain Agent (Gabapentinoid)

Prescription

Galantamine

Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used for mild to moderate Alzheimer disease dementia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Cholinesterase inhibitor and nicotinic receptor modulator

Prescription

Gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil is a fibric acid derivative used primarily to lower very high triglyceride levels and to reduce the risk of pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Fibrate (fibric acid derivative)

Prescription

Glimepiride

Glimepiride is a third-generation sulfonylurea used for type 2 diabetes management.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sulfonylurea

Prescription

Glipizide

Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sulfonylurea

Prescription

Glucagon

Glucagon is an FDA-approved peptide/protein hormone rescue drug used for severe hypoglycemia in people with diabetes, with product-specific prescription forms including Baqsimi nasal powder

Evidence: Strong
Class: Hypoglycemia Rescue

Prescription

Glyburide

Glyburide (also known as glibenclamide) is a second-generation sulfonylurea used for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sulfonylurea

Prescription

Guanfacine

Prescription non-stimulant medication approved in its extended-release form (Intuniv) for ADHD in children and adolescents aged 6–17.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Non-Stimulant ADHD Medication

H

Prescription

Haloperidol

Haloperidol is a high-potency first-generation antipsychotic used for schizophrenia, Tourette disorder

Evidence: Strong
Class: First-generation antipsychotic

Prescription

Hydralazine

Hydralazine is a direct arteriolar vasodilator used for hypertension and heart failure.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Direct Arteriolar Vasodilator

Prescription

Hydrochlorothiazide

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic and one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Thiazide Diuretic

Prescription

Hydrocodone

A semi-synthetic opioid commonly prescribed in combination with acetaminophen (Vicodin, Norco) for the management of pain severe enough to require opioid treatment and for which alternative…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Opioid Analgesic

Prescription

Hydroxychloroquine

An antimalarial drug widely used as a DMARD for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD)

Prescription

Hydroxyzine

Prescription first-generation antihistamine used for the management of anxiety, pruritus, and as a preoperative sedative.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytic

I

Prescription

Ibandronate

Ibandronate is a bisphosphonate used for treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Bisphosphonate osteoporosis medication

Prescription

Ibuprofen

A widely used nonselective NSAID with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)

Prescription

Icosapent Ethyl

Icosapent ethyl is a highly purified ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) prescribed to lower very high triglycerides and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in selected patients…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Omega-3 fatty acid (lipid-regulating agent)

Prescription

Insulin Aspart

Insulin aspart is an FDA-approved rapid-acting insulin peptide/protein hormone analog used for mealtime and correction glycemic control in diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Rapid-Acting Insulin

Prescription

Insulin Glargine

Insulin glargine is an FDA-approved long-acting basal insulin peptide/protein hormone analog used for glycemic control in diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Long-Acting Insulin

Prescription

Insulin Lispro

Insulin lispro is an FDA-approved rapid-acting insulin peptide/protein hormone analog used for mealtime and correction glycemic control in diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Rapid-Acting Insulin

Prescription

Ipratropium

A short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA/short-acting anticholinergic) used for the maintenance treatment of COPD and as an adjunct to beta-agonists in acute severe asthma and COPD exacerbations.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (SAMA)

Prescription

Irbesartan

Irbesartan is an ARB with strong evidence from the IDNT and IRMA-2 trials for nephroprotection in type 2 diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Prescription

Isoniazid

Isoniazid is a first-line antibiotic used to treat and prevent tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antitubercular antibiotic

Prescription

Isosorbide Mononitrate

Isosorbide mononitrate is a long-acting organic nitrate used for prophylaxis of angina pectoris. It is the active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate with 100% oral bioavailability.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Organic Nitrate

Prescription

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is the most effective treatment for severe, recalcitrant nodular acne that has failed conventional therapy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Retinoid / Dermatologic

Prescription

Itraconazole

Itraconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal used to treat a range of systemic and superficial fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Triazole antifungal

Prescription

Ivabradine

Ivabradine selectively reduces heart rate without affecting blood pressure, contractility, or conduction.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (HCN) Channel Blocker

L

Prescription

Labetalol

Labetalol is a combined nonselective beta-adrenergic and selective alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker used to treat hypertension

Evidence: Strong
Class: Combined alpha/beta-adrenergic blocker

Prescription

Lacosamide

Lacosamide is an antiseizure medication used for focal-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in appropriate patients.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anticonvulsant sodium-channel modulator

Prescription

Lactulose

A synthetic disaccharide osmotic laxative used for the treatment of chronic constipation and, at higher doses, for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Osmotic Laxative

Prescription

Lamotrigine

Prescription mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant approved for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder to delay episodes of depression and mania, as well as for epilepsy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Mood Stabilizer / Anticonvulsant

Prescription

Lansoprazole

A proton pump inhibitor used for the short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, GERD, and as part of multi-drug regimens for H. pylori eradication.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor

Prescription

Latanoprost

Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F2-alpha analog and the most widely prescribed first-line medication for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Prostaglandin Analog / Ophthalmologic

Prescription

Leflunomide

A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor DMARD used for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD)

Prescription

Levetiracetam

Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug used as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures, myoclonic seizures in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiepileptic

Prescription

Levetiracetam Extended-Release

Levetiracetam extended-release is an antiseizure medication used once daily for focal-onset seizures and other seizure types depending on labeling and clinician judgment.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anticonvulsant SV2A modulator

Prescription

Levocetirizine

Levocetirizine is the active R-enantiomer of cetirizine and is used for allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Second-generation H1 antihistamine

Prescription

Levodopa/Carbidopa

Levodopa/carbidopa is the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is the metabolic precursor to dopamine and crosses the blood-brain barrier

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dopaminergic / Antiparkinson

Prescription

Levofloxacin

A third-generation (respiratory) fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive (including S. pneumoniae), gram-negative, and atypical organisms.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic

Prescription

Levomilnacipran

Levomilnacipran is an extended-release SNRI approved for major depressive disorder in adults.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant

Prescription

Levothyroxine

Levothyroxine (synthetic T4) is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism and is one of the most prescribed medications worldwide.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Thyroid Hormone

Prescription

Linagliptin

Linagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes that is unique in its class because it is primarily eliminated via the bile and gut rather than the kidneys.

Evidence: Strong
Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

Prescription

Linezolid

Linezolid is a synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic used to treat serious infections caused by resistant gram-positive bacteria

Evidence: Strong
Class: Oxazolidinone antibiotic

Prescription

Liothyronine

Liothyronine is a synthetic form of triiodothyronine (T3), the most metabolically active thyroid hormone.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Thyroid Hormone

Prescription

Liraglutide

Liraglutide is an FDA-approved once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide drug available as prescription Victoza for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk reduction in labeled high-risk patients

Evidence: Strong
Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

Prescription

Lisdexamfetamine

Prescription central nervous system stimulant (Schedule II controlled substance) approved for ADHD and moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: CNS Stimulant

Prescription

Lisinopril

Lisinopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor widely used for hypertension, heart failure, and post-myocardial infarction care.

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Prescription

Lithium

Prescription mood stabilizer and the gold standard for bipolar disorder treatment, with strong evidence for preventing both manic and depressive episodes and reducing suicide risk.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Mood Stabilizer

Prescription

Loperamide

A synthetic opioid receptor agonist that acts peripherally on the gastrointestinal tract to reduce diarrhea.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anti-Diarrheal

Prescription

Loratadine

A second-generation antihistamine with minimal sedative effects, used for the symptomatic relief of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Second-Generation Antihistamine

Prescription

Lorazepam

Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for anxiety disorders, insomnia due to anxiety, and as a preanesthetic agent.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Benzodiazepine

Prescription

Losartan

Losartan was the first ARB approved for clinical use and has strong evidence from the LIFE trial for stroke reduction in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Prescription

Losartan/Hydrochlorothiazide

Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide is a fixed-dose combination antihypertensive that pairs the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) losartan with the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II receptor blocker plus thiazide diuretic (fixed-dose combination)

Prescription

Lovastatin

Lovastatin was the first commercially available statin and is a moderate-intensity agent derived from Aspergillus terreus fungus.

Evidence: Strong
Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin)

Prescription

Lurasidone

Lurasidone is an atypical antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and bipolar depression.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical antipsychotic

M

Prescription

Medroxyprogesterone

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a synthetic progestin used orally (Provera) for secondary amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial protection in HRT, and endometriosis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Progestin Hormone

Prescription

Meloxicam

A preferential COX-2 inhibiting NSAID with a long half-life allowing once-daily dosing, used primarily for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)

Prescription

Memantine

Memantine is a moderate-affinity, uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist indicated for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: NMDA Antagonist / Alzheimer's

Prescription

Mesalamine

A 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) agent used as first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Aminosalicylate (IBD)

Prescription

Metformin

Metformin is the first-line oral medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Biguanide

Prescription

Methimazole

Methimazole is the preferred antithyroid medication for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, including Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goiter.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antithyroid Agent

Prescription

Methocarbamol

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Skeletal Muscle Relaxant

Prescription

Methotrexate

The anchor DMARD and most widely used first-line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, also indicated for psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and certain cancers.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD)

Prescription

Methylphenidate

Prescription central nervous system stimulant (Schedule II controlled substance) approved for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: CNS Stimulant

Prescription

Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid available in oral, intramuscular, intravenous, and intra-articular formulations.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Corticosteroid

Prescription

Metoclopramide

A dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and prokinetic agent used for the treatment of GERD, diabetic gastroparesis, and prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and surgery.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Prokinetic Antiemetic

Prescription

Metoprolol

Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker available in immediate-release (tartrate) and extended-release (succinate) formulations.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Beta-1 Selective Adrenergic Blocker

Prescription

Metronidazole

A nitroimidazole antimicrobial with potent activity against anaerobic bacteria and certain protozoa.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nitroimidazole Antibiotic/Antiprotozoal

Prescription

Minocycline

Minocycline is a broad-spectrum, second-generation tetracycline antibiotic used to treat inflammatory acne, certain bacterial infections

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tetracycline antibiotic

Prescription

Mirabegron

Mirabegron is the first-in-class beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist approved for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Beta-3 Agonist / Overactive Bladder

Prescription

Mirtazapine

Prescription noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) approved for major depressive disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical Antidepressant (NaSSA)

Prescription

Mometasone Nasal

An intranasal corticosteroid for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial) and nasal polyps.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Intranasal Corticosteroid

Prescription

Montelukast

A leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the maintenance treatment of asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and allergic rhinitis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist

Prescription

Morphine

The prototypical opioid analgesic, morphine is used for the management of severe pain when non-opioid alternatives are inadequate. It is the standard against which other opioids are compared.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Opioid Analgesic

Prescription

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat respiratory tract infections such as community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial sinusitis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic

Prescription

Mycophenolate Mofetil

Mycophenolate mofetil is an immunosuppressive prodrug of mycophenolic acid used to prevent organ transplant rejection in combination regimens.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiproliferative immunosuppressant

N

Prescription

Naproxen

A long-acting nonselective NSAID with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)

Prescription

Nebivolol

Nebivolol is a third-generation, highly beta-1 selective adrenergic receptor blocker that is distinguished by its ability to promote endothelial nitric-oxide release

Evidence: Strong
Class: Beta-blocker (beta-1 selective with vasodilation)

Prescription

Niacin (Prescription)

Prescription niacin is nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) used at gram-level doses far above the nutritional requirement to treat dyslipidemia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: antilipemic agent

Prescription

Nifedipine

Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used for hypertension and angina (including vasospastic/Prinzmetal angina).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker

Prescription

Nitrofurantoin

A nitrofuran antibiotic used exclusively for the treatment and prophylaxis of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Active against most common UTI pathogens including E.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nitrofuran Antibiotic

Prescription

Nitroglycerin

Nitroglycerin is a potent vasodilator used for acute relief and prevention of angina pectoris, as well as management of acute heart failure and hypertensive emergencies.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Organic Nitrate

Prescription

Nortriptyline

Prescription tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) approved for major depressive disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)

Prescription

Nystatin

Nystatin is a polyene antifungal antibiotic used to treat candidiasis (Candida infections) of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as cutaneous and vaginal candidal infections.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Polyene antifungal

O

Prescription

Olanzapine

Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episodes)

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical Antipsychotic

Prescription

Olmesartan

Olmesartan is a potent ARB that provides effective blood pressure reduction with once-daily dosing. It is available in multiple fixed-dose combinations.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Prescription

Omeprazole

A widely prescribed proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor

Prescription

Ondansetron

A selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiemetic (5-HT3 Antagonist)

Prescription

Oseltamivir

A neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral used for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Neuraminidase Inhibitor Antiviral

Prescription

Oxcarbazepine

Oxcarbazepine is an anticonvulsant used for focal seizures and sometimes off-label for mood stabilization.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anticonvulsant sodium-channel modulator

Prescription

Oxybutynin

Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic agent used for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms including urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anticholinergic / Overactive Bladder

Prescription

Oxycodone

A potent semi-synthetic opioid analgesic used for the management of moderate to severe pain when non-opioid alternatives are inadequate.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Opioid Analgesic

P

Prescription

Paliperidone

Paliperidone is the active metabolite of risperidone and is used for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical antipsychotic

Prescription

Pantoprazole

A proton pump inhibitor commonly used in both oral and intravenous formulations for the treatment of erosive esophagitis associated with GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Evidence: Strong
Class: Proton Pump Inhibitor

Prescription

Paroxetine

Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder, GAD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, OCD, and PTSD.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI

Prescription

Penicillin V Potassium

Penicillin V potassium is an orally administered, acid-stable natural penicillin used to treat mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible gram-positive organisms.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Beta-lactam antibiotic (natural penicillin)

Prescription

Perindopril

Perindopril is a long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and stable coronary artery disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Prescription

Phenelzine

Phenelzine is an irreversible nonselective MAOI used for depression, especially atypical or treatment-resistant depression when other antidepressants are inadequate.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant

Prescription

Phenobarbital

Phenobarbital is a long-acting barbiturate used for seizure disorders and, less commonly, sedative indications.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Barbiturate anticonvulsant

Prescription

Phenytoin

Phenytoin is one of the oldest and most widely used antiepileptic drugs, effective for partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiepileptic

Prescription

Pioglitazone

Pioglitazone is an oral thiazolidinedione used with diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer

Prescription

Polyethylene Glycol

An osmotic laxative composed of polyethylene glycol 3350, used for the treatment of occasional constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Osmotic Laxative

Prescription

Pramipexole

Pramipexole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist with preferential affinity for D3 receptors, used for the treatment of early and advanced Parkinson's disease and moderate-to-severe restless legs…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dopaminergic / Antiparkinson

Prescription

Pramlintide

Pramlintide is an FDA-approved synthetic amylin analog peptide available as prescription Symlin/SymlinPen for adjunctive use in selected people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who use mealtime…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Amylin Analog

Prescription

Prasugrel

Prasugrel is a third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor with faster onset, greater potency, and less inter-patient variability than clopidogrel.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiplatelet Agent (P2Y12 Inhibitor)

Prescription

Pravastatin

Pravastatin is a moderate-intensity hydrophilic statin with proven cardiovascular benefits in primary and secondary prevention.

Evidence: Strong
Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin)

Prescription

Prednisolone

Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone and is used when hepatic conversion is a concern (e.g., liver disease, pediatric patients).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Corticosteroid

Prescription

Prednisone

Prednisone is an oral synthetic corticosteroid widely used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Corticosteroid

Prescription

Pregabalin

A gabapentinoid anticonvulsant FDA-approved for neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury

Evidence: Strong
Class: Neuropathic Pain Agent (Gabapentinoid)

Prescription

Primidone

Primidone is an anticonvulsant used for seizure disorders and commonly used off-label for essential tremor.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anticonvulsant metabolized to phenobarbital

Prescription

Prochlorperazine

Prochlorperazine is a phenothiazine dopamine antagonist used for severe nausea, vomiting, and short-term treatment of nonpsychotic anxiety in some formulations.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Phenothiazine antiemetic and antipsychotic

Prescription

Promethazine

A first-generation phenothiazine antihistamine with antiemetic, sedative, and anticholinergic properties.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiemetic (Phenothiazine)

Prescription

Propranolol

Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Non-Selective Beta-Adrenergic Blocker

Prescription

Pseudoephedrine

An oral sympathomimetic decongestant used for temporary relief of nasal and sinus congestion associated with the common cold, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Sympathomimetic Decongestant

Q

Prescription

Quetiapine

Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (manic and depressive episodes), and as adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical Antipsychotic

Prescription

Quinapril

Quinapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and, as adjunctive therapy, heart failure.

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE inhibitor

R

Prescription

Rabeprazole

Rabeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used for gastroesophageal reflux disease, erosive esophagitis, Helicobacter pylori combination therapy, duodenal ulcer

Evidence: Strong
Class: Proton pump inhibitor

Prescription

Raloxifene

Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator used in postmenopausal women for osteoporosis treatment or prevention and for reduction of invasive breast cancer risk in selected high-risk…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Selective estrogen receptor modulator

Prescription

Ramipril

Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor with strong evidence from the HOPE trial showing cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk patients without heart failure or low ejection fraction.

Evidence: Strong
Class: ACE Inhibitor

Prescription

Ranolazine

Ranolazine is a unique anti-anginal agent that works by inhibiting the late sodium current without significant hemodynamic effects.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Late Sodium Current Inhibitor

Prescription

Rasagiline

Rasagiline is an irreversible MAO-B inhibitor used for Parkinson disease as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor

Prescription

Repaglinide

Repaglinide is a short-acting oral insulin secretagogue used before meals to improve postprandial glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Meglitinide insulin secretagogue

Prescription

Rifampin

Rifampin is a bactericidal rifamycin antibiotic used most often as a cornerstone of multidrug tuberculosis therapy and for eradicating meningococcal carriage.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Rifamycin Antibiotic

Prescription

Risedronate

Risedronate is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, male osteoporosis, and Paget's disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Bisphosphonate

Prescription

Risperidone

Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and irritability associated with autistic disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical Antipsychotic

Prescription

Rivaroxaban

Rivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor approved for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, DVT/PE treatment and prevention

Evidence: Strong
Class: Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC)

Prescription

Rivastigmine

Rivastigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used for dementia due to Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Cholinesterase inhibitor

Prescription

Rizatriptan

Rizatriptan is a second-generation triptan for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura. It has faster onset and higher consistency of response compared to sumatriptan in some studies.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Triptan / Antimigraine

Prescription

Roflumilast

Roflumilast is an oral selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor used to reduce COPD exacerbations in patients with severe COPD associated with chronic bronchitis and a history of exacerbations.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor

Prescription

Ropinirole

Ropinirole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist selective for D2/D3 receptors, approved for Parkinson's disease and moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dopaminergic / Antiparkinson

Prescription

Rosuvastatin

Rosuvastatin is a high-intensity statin and one of the most potent agents for lowering LDL cholesterol.

Evidence: Strong
Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin)

S

Prescription

Sacubitril/Valsartan

Sacubitril/valsartan is a first-in-class ARNI that combines neprilysin inhibition with AT1 receptor blockade.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor (ARNI)

Prescription

Salmeterol/Fluticasone

Salmeterol/fluticasone combines an inhaled corticosteroid with a long-acting beta-2 agonist for maintenance treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-2 agonist combination

Prescription

Selegiline

Selegiline is an irreversible MAO-B inhibitor used orally as adjunctive therapy in Parkinson disease and as a transdermal system for major depressive disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor

Prescription

Semaglutide

Semaglutide is an FDA-approved glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist peptide drug available only as prescription semaglutide products such as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Rybelsus.

Evidence: Strong
Class: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

Prescription

Sertraline

Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly prescribed for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD, and social anxiety disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI

Prescription

Sildenafil

Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor originally developed for angina and subsequently approved for erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Evidence: Strong
Class: PDE5 Inhibitor

Prescription

Silodosin

Silodosin is an oral alpha-1A adrenergic blocker used to improve lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Uroselective alpha-1A adrenergic blocker

Prescription

Simvastatin

Simvastatin is a moderate-to-high intensity statin with landmark evidence from the 4S and HPS trials demonstrating significant cardiovascular mortality reduction.

Evidence: Strong
Class: HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (Statin)

Prescription

Sitagliptin

Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes. It enhances the body's incretin system to improve glycemic control.

Evidence: Strong
Class: DPP-4 Inhibitor

Prescription

Solifenacin

Solifenacin is an antimuscarinic used for overactive bladder with urgency, frequency, and urge urinary incontinence.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antimuscarinic for overactive bladder

Prescription

Sotalol

Sotalol has dual properties: non-selective beta-blockade (class II) and potassium channel blockade that prolongs repolarization (class III).

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Class III Antiarrhythmic / Non-Selective Beta-Blocker

Prescription

Spironolactone

Spironolactone is a non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with landmark evidence from the RALES trial demonstrating a 30% mortality reduction in severe heart failure.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Potassium-Sparing Diuretic / Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist

Prescription

Sucralfate

Sucralfate is a locally acting aluminum salt of sulfated sucrose used primarily for duodenal ulcer treatment and maintenance.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Aluminum-based mucosal protectant

Prescription

Sulfasalazine

A prodrug combining sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) linked by an azo bond, used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Aminosalicylate (IBD/DMARD)

Prescription

Sumatriptan

Sumatriptan is the prototypical triptan and the first serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist developed specifically for the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Triptan / Antimigraine

Prescription

Suvorexant

Prescription dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA; Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Sedative-Hypnotic (Orexin Receptor Antagonist)

T

Prescription

Tacrolimus

Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor used to prevent rejection after kidney, liver, heart, lung, and other organ transplants depending on formulation and protocol.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant

Prescription

Tadalafil

Tadalafil is a long-acting PDE5 inhibitor approved for erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

Evidence: Strong
Class: PDE5 Inhibitor

Prescription

Tamsulosin

Tamsulosin is a selective alpha-1A adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Alpha-1 Blocker / Urologic

Prescription

Tapentadol

Tapentadol is a Schedule II opioid analgesic with mu-opioid receptor agonism and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition

Evidence: Strong
Class: Centrally acting opioid analgesic and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Prescription

Telmisartan

Telmisartan is a long-acting angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used to treat hypertension and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk who cannot…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

Prescription

Tenofovir Disoproxil

Tenofovir disoproxil is an oral prodrug of tenofovir, a nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV-1 infection only in combination with other antiretrovirals and to treat…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)

Prescription

Terbinafine

An allylamine antifungal that is the treatment of choice for dermatophyte infections (onychomycosis, tinea capitis). Highly effective against Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Allylamine Antifungal

Prescription

Testosterone

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is indicated for male hypogonadism when low testosterone levels are confirmed by laboratory testing with consistent signs and symptoms.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Androgen Hormone

Prescription

Tetracycline

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotic of the tetracycline class used to treat a range of bacterial infections and inflammatory acne vulgaris.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Tetracycline antibiotic

Prescription

Theophylline

Theophylline is an oral methylxanthine bronchodilator used in selected asthma and COPD patients when other therapies are insufficient or unavailable.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Methylxanthine bronchodilator

Prescription

Ticagrelor

Ticagrelor is a direct-acting, reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor that does not require hepatic activation.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiplatelet Agent (P2Y12 Inhibitor)

Prescription

Timolol Ophthalmic

Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used topically to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Beta-Blocker / Ophthalmologic

Prescription

Tiotropium

A long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA/long-acting anticholinergic) that is a first-line maintenance bronchodilator for COPD and an add-on controller for moderate-to-severe asthma.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist (LAMA)

Prescription

Tirzepatide

Prescription dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 receptor agonist used for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management when prescribed under an FDA-approved label.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

Prescription

Tizanidine

A centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Skeletal Muscle Relaxant (Antispastic)

Prescription

Tolterodine

Tolterodine is an antimuscarinic used for overactive bladder with urgency, frequency, and urge incontinence.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antimuscarinic for overactive bladder

Prescription

Topiramate

Topiramate is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic approved for partial-onset and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and migraine prophylaxis.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiepileptic

Prescription

Torsemide

Torsemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid overload (edema) associated with heart failure, kidney disease, and liver disease, and is also used for hypertension.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Loop diuretic

Prescription

Tramadol

A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic with a dual mechanism of action, used for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Opioid Analgesic (Atypical)

Prescription

Tranylcypromine

Tranylcypromine is an irreversible nonselective MAOI used for major depressive disorder when other antidepressants have not worked adequately.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant

Prescription

Trazodone

Prescription serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) approved for major depressive disorder.

Evidence: Moderate
Class: Atypical Antidepressant (SARI)

Prescription

Tretinoin Oral

Oral tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) is a retinoid that induces differentiation of immature promyelocytes into mature granulocytes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Retinoid / Dermatologic-Oncologic

Prescription

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

A synergistic combination antibiotic containing trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in a 1:5 ratio. Effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sulfonamide/Diaminopyrimidine Combination

V

Prescription

Valacyclovir

The L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir, providing 3-5 times higher oral bioavailability than acyclovir.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Nucleoside Analog Antiviral (Prodrug)

Prescription

Valganciclovir

Valganciclovir is an oral prodrug of ganciclovir used to prevent and treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, most often in solid-organ transplant recipients and in people with advanced HIV.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Antiviral (nucleoside analogue prodrug)

Prescription

Valproic Acid

Prescription mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant approved for bipolar mania, epilepsy (multiple seizure types), and migraine prophylaxis. Effective for acute mania and mixed episodes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Mood Stabilizer / Anticonvulsant

Prescription

Valsartan

Valsartan is an ARB with evidence from the Val-HeFT and VALIANT trials for heart failure and post-MI management.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Prescription

Vancomycin

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat serious Gram-positive infections, most notably methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Evidence: Strong
Class: Glycopeptide antibiotic

Prescription

Venlafaxine

Prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SNRI

Prescription

Verapamil

Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine-type non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with the strongest negative inotropic and chronotropic effects among CCBs.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Non-Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker

Prescription

Vilazodone

Vilazodone is an oral antidepressant approved for major depressive disorder in adults.

Evidence: Strong
Class: SSRI and 5-HT1A partial agonist antidepressant

Prescription

Voriconazole

Voriconazole is a second-generation triazole antifungal used as first-line therapy for invasive aspergillosis and for serious infections caused by Candida, Scedosporium, and Fusarium species.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Triazole antifungal

Prescription

Vortioxetine

Vortioxetine is an oral antidepressant approved for major depressive disorder in adults.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Serotonin modulator antidepressant

W

Prescription

Warfarin

Warfarin is an oral vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant used for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders including atrial fibrillation, mechanical heart valves, deep vein thrombosis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Anticoagulant (Vitamin K Antagonist)

Z

Prescription

Ziprasidone

Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic used for schizophrenia and bipolar I manic or mixed episodes.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Atypical antipsychotic

Prescription

Zoledronic Acid

Zoledronic acid is the most potent bisphosphonate available, administered as an annual IV infusion for osteoporosis (Reclast) or more frequently for hypercalcemia of malignancy and bone metastases…

Evidence: Strong
Class: Bisphosphonate

Prescription

Zolpidem

Prescription non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for the short-term treatment of insomnia.

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sedative-Hypnotic (Non-Benzodiazepine)

Prescription

Zonisamide

Zonisamide is an antiseizure medication used for focal-onset seizures. It is a sulfonamide and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, so serious rash, metabolic acidosis, kidney stones, oligohidrosis

Evidence: Strong
Class: Sulfonamide anticonvulsant and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor