Browse 206 public prescription profiles with evidence ratings, safety notes, interactions, and source links.
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Profiles are listed alphabetically. Each one opens to the full evidence dossier, interaction list, and source links.
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Acitretin is a second-generation systemic retinoid (active metabolite of etretinate) used for the treatment of severe psoriasis (including plaque, pustular, and erythrodermic types) that is...
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A nucleoside analog antiviral that is the prototype agent for herpes virus infections. Active against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Used for...
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A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist (SABA) that is the most widely used rescue inhaler for acute bronchospasm. The cornerstone of acute asthma and COPD symptom relief, providing rapid...
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Alendronate is the most widely prescribed bisphosphonate for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, and osteoporosis in men. The...
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Alfuzosin is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with relative selectivity for the lower urinary tract, used for the treatment of signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It...
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A xanthine oxidase inhibitor used as first-line urate-lowering therapy for the chronic management of gout and hyperuricemia. Allopurinol reduces serum uric acid levels by inhibiting the enzyme that...
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Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. One of the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepines with rapid onset of...
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A combination antacid containing aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, used for the symptomatic relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, sour stomach, and peptic ulcer pain. The combination...
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Amiodarone is the most effective antiarrhythmic drug available, possessing properties of all four Vaughan-Williams antiarrhythmic classes. It is used for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and...
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Prescription tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) originally approved for major depressive disorder but now more commonly used for chronic neuropathic pain, migraine prophylaxis, and fibromyalgia due to...
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Amlodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker and one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives worldwide. It is effective for hypertension and angina, with landmark...
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A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections including otitis media, sinusitis, pharyngitis, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract...
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A combination antibiotic pairing amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor. This extends the spectrum of amoxicillin to include beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae,...
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Prescription central nervous system stimulant (Schedule II controlled substance) containing mixed amphetamine salts (75% dextroamphetamine, 25% levoamphetamine), approved for ADHD and narcolepsy....
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Apixaban is a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor with strong evidence from the ARISTOTLE trial showing superiority to warfarin for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation with less bleeding. It is...
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Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder, adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorder, irritability associated with autistic...
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Low-dose aspirin (75–100 mg) is an antiplatelet agent widely used for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Its role in primary...
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Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker used for hypertension and angina. It is hydrophilic and does not cross the blood-brain barrier readily, potentially causing fewer central nervous system...
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Prescription non-stimulant medication approved for ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults. A selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) that provides 24-hour symptom coverage without abuse...
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Atorvastatin is a high-intensity statin used to lower LDL cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular risk. It is one of the most widely prescribed medications worldwide for hyperlipidemia,...
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A macrolide antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive, some gram-negative, and atypical organisms (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella). The 5-day 'Z-Pack' course is one of...
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A GABA-B receptor agonist used for the treatment of spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and other spinal cord diseases. Baclofen is also available as an intrathecal...
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Benazepril is an ACE inhibitor prodrug used primarily for hypertension. It is also available in combination with amlodipine (Lotrel) and hydrochlorothiazide (Lotensin HCT) for enhanced blood...
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A diphenylmethane derivative stimulant laxative used for the relief of occasional constipation and for bowel preparation before diagnostic procedures or surgery. Bisacodyl is available in both oral...
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Bisoprolol is a highly cardioselective beta-1 blocker with proven mortality reduction in heart failure from the CIBIS-II trial. It has the highest beta-1 selectivity among available beta-blockers,...
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Brimonidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used topically to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It lowers IOP by 15-20% through dual...
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An inhaled corticosteroid used as a controller medication for persistent asthma. Available as a dry powder inhaler (Flexhaler) for older children and adults, and as a nebulizer suspension (Respules)...
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Prescription norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) approved for major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and smoking cessation (marketed as Zyban). Unique among...
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Prescription non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic approved for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Unlike benzodiazepines, buspirone has no abuse potential, does not cause physical...
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A widely used over-the-counter antacid that provides rapid, short-term relief of heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach. Calcium carbonate also serves as a calcium supplement and is used as a...
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Canagliflozin was the first SGLT2 inhibitor approved in the United States for type 2 diabetes. The CANVAS trial demonstrated cardiovascular benefits, and the CREDENCE trial showed significant renal...
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Carbamazepine is a first-generation antiepileptic used for partial seizures with complex symptomatology, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, trigeminal neuralgia, and as a mood stabilizer in bipolar...
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Carvedilol is a unique third-generation beta-blocker that combines non-selective beta-blockade with alpha-1 receptor antagonism and antioxidant properties. The COPERNICUS trial demonstrated a 35%...
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A third-generation cephalosporin with broad-spectrum activity against many gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Administered parenterally (IM or IV), it is a cornerstone agent for...
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The only selective COX-2 inhibitor currently available in the U.S., celecoxib provides anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects with a significantly lower risk of GI ulceration and bleeding compared...
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A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with excellent activity against gram-positive cocci including methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and streptococci. Commonly used for skin and soft...
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A second-generation (non-sedating) antihistamine used for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The active carboxylate...
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Chlorthalidone is a thiazide-like diuretic with a longer half-life and stronger evidence base than hydrochlorothiazide. It was the diuretic used in the landmark ALLHAT and SHEP trials. Major...
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The first commercially available H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine is used for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, GERD, and pathological hypersecretory conditions. While effective, it...
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A second-generation fluoroquinolone with potent gram-negative activity, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Used for complicated urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, infectious diarrhea,...
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Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder. The racemic mixture of S-citalopram and R-citalopram. Well tolerated with few drug interactions due...
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A macrolide antibiotic with activity against gram-positive cocci, atypical organisms (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella), and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Used for community-acquired...
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A lincosamide antibiotic with excellent activity against gram-positive cocci (including many community-acquired MRSA strains), anaerobes, and certain protozoa (Toxoplasma, Plasmodium). Used for skin...
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Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for panic disorder and certain seizure disorders (Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, akinetic and myoclonic seizures). Its long...
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Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor inhibitor widely used for secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The CURE and COMMIT trials...
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An anti-inflammatory alkaloid derived from the autumn crocus plant, used for the treatment and prevention of gout flares and for familial Mediterranean fever. Colchicine has also shown...
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Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) contain synthetic estrogen (usually ethinyl estradiol 20–35 mcg) and a progestin component. They are primarily used for contraception but are also prescribed for...
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A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant structurally related to tricyclic antidepressants, used for the short-term relief of muscle spasm associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal...
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Dabigatran is a direct thrombin (factor IIa) inhibitor that was the first DOAC approved for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, based on the RE-LY trial. It is the only DOAC with...
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Dapagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor approved for type 2 diabetes, heart failure (with reduced or preserved ejection fraction), and chronic kidney disease. The DAPA-HF and DAPA-CKD trials established...
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Dapsone is a sulfone antibiotic with potent anti-inflammatory properties used both systemically and topically in dermatology. Oral dapsone is the treatment of choice for dermatitis herpetiformis and...
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Prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved for major depressive disorder. The primary active metabolite of venlafaxine, administered as its succinate salt. Offers more...
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Dexamethasone is a potent, long-acting synthetic glucocorticoid with approximately 25–30 times the anti-inflammatory potency of hydrocortisone and virtually no mineralocorticoid activity. It is used...
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Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for anxiety disorders, acute alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasm, seizure disorders, and as a preanesthetic agent. One of the...
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A potent nonselective NSAID available in multiple formulations (oral, topical, ophthalmic) used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing...
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Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used for rate control in atrial fibrillation and symptomatic improvement in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The DIG trial showed it reduces...
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Diltiazem is a benzothiazepine-type non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that affects both vascular smooth muscle and cardiac conduction tissue. It is used for hypertension, angina, and rate...
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A first-generation antihistamine and the prototypical H1 receptor antagonist. Used for allergic reactions (urticaria, angioedema, allergic rhinitis), motion sickness, insomnia (OTC sleep aid), acute...
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Dofetilide is a pure class III antiarrhythmic that selectively blocks the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr). It is used for conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm...
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Donepezil is a centrally-acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer's disease. It is the most widely prescribed medication...
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A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic effective against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative, atypical, and intracellular organisms. Used extensively for community-acquired pneumonia,...
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Dulaglutide is a once-weekly injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist for type 2 diabetes. The REWIND trial uniquely demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in a broader diabetes population, including patients...
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Prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic...
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Dutasteride is a dual inhibitor of both type I and type II 5-alpha reductase, resulting in more complete DHT suppression than finasteride (~95% vs ~70%). It is approved for the treatment of BPH (as...
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Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved for type 2 diabetes and to reduce cardiovascular death in patients with established cardiovascular disease. It also has...
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Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor prodrug with landmark evidence from the SOLVD trial demonstrating mortality reduction in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. It is widely used for...
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Enoxaparin is a low-molecular-weight heparin used for prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, as well as in acute coronary syndromes. It is the most widely used LMWH...
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Eplerenone is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with significantly less anti-androgenic activity than spironolactone. The EPHESUS trial showed mortality reduction in post-MI patients...
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Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. The S-enantiomer of citalopram, it is considered one of the most...
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The S-enantiomer of omeprazole, esomeprazole is a potent proton pump inhibitor used to treat GERD, erosive esophagitis, peptic ulcers, and as part of H. pylori eradication therapy. It provides more...
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Estradiol is the primary and most potent endogenous estrogen, used in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal symptoms including vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes), vulvovaginal atrophy, and...
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Prescription non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for insomnia. The S-isomer of zopiclone, it is one of the few prescription sleep aids approved for...
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A histamine-2 receptor antagonist used for the treatment and prevention of duodenal and gastric ulcers, GERD, erosive esophagitis, and conditions involving pathological gastric acid hypersecretion....
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A non-purine selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Febuxostat is indicated as a second-line urate-lowering agent when...
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A second-generation antihistamine that is the active carboxylate metabolite of terfenadine. Provides effective relief of allergic rhinitis symptoms and chronic idiopathic urticaria with virtually no...
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Finasteride is a selective inhibitor of type II 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate, liver, and skin. At 5 mg (Proscar), it treats...
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Flecainide is a class IC antiarrhythmic agent used for prevention of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias....
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A first-generation triazole antifungal with excellent activity against most Candida species (except C. krusei and some C. glabrata) and Cryptococcus neoformans. Used for vulvovaginal candidiasis...
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Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder, OCD, panic disorder, bulimia nervosa, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Known for its...
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An inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) that is a cornerstone of persistent asthma management. Fluticasone propionate (Flovent) and fluticasone furoate (Arnuity) deliver potent topical anti-inflammatory...
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An intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) considered the most effective pharmacotherapy class for allergic rhinitis. Fluticasone propionate (Flonase) and fluticasone furoate (Veramyst/Flonase Sensimist)...
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Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) primarily approved for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults and children aged 8 and older. Also used off-label...
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Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic used primarily for edema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, and renal disease. It produces rapid and profound diuresis and is essential for managing acute...
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An anticonvulsant and analgesic used for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia and as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. Gabapentin is widely used off-label for various neuropathic pain...
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Glimepiride is a third-generation sulfonylurea used for type 2 diabetes management. It is preferred over glyburide in many patients due to its once-daily dosing, lower risk of hypoglycemia, and...
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Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. It stimulates insulin release from functioning pancreatic beta cells and is typically...
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Glyburide (also known as glibenclamide) is a second-generation sulfonylurea used for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. It is one of the more potent sulfonylureas and carries a higher risk of...
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Prescription non-stimulant medication approved in its extended-release form (Intuniv) for ADHD in children and adolescents aged 6–17. A selective alpha-2A adrenergic receptor agonist that...
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Hydralazine is a direct arteriolar vasodilator used for hypertension and heart failure. The A-HeFT trial demonstrated significant mortality benefit when combined with isosorbide dinitrate (BiDil) in...
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Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic and one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives. It is often used in combination with other agents including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and...
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A semi-synthetic opioid commonly prescribed in combination with acetaminophen (Vicodin, Norco) for the management of pain severe enough to require opioid treatment and for which alternative...
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An antimalarial drug widely used as a DMARD for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Hydroxychloroquine is considered one of the safest DMARDs with a...
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Prescription first-generation antihistamine used for the management of anxiety, pruritus, and as a preoperative sedative. Available in two salt forms: hydroxyzine pamoate (Vistaril) typically used...
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A widely used nonselective NSAID with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Ibuprofen is first-line therapy for mild-to-moderate pain, inflammatory conditions, dysmenorrhea, and...
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Insulin aspart is a rapid-acting insulin analogue for prandial glucose control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Fiasp (faster-acting insulin aspart) includes niacinamide and L-arginine to further...
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Insulin glargine is a long-acting basal insulin analogue used for glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It provides a relatively flat, peakless insulin profile over approximately 24 hours,...
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Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used for mealtime (prandial) glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It has a faster onset and shorter duration than regular human insulin,...
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A short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA/short-acting anticholinergic) used for the maintenance treatment of COPD and as an adjunct to beta-agonists in acute severe asthma and COPD exacerbations....
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Irbesartan is an ARB with strong evidence from the IDNT and IRMA-2 trials for nephroprotection in type 2 diabetes. It provides effective 24-hour blood pressure control with once-daily dosing and...
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Isosorbide mononitrate is a long-acting organic nitrate used for prophylaxis of angina pectoris. It is the active metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate with 100% oral bioavailability. The...
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Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is the most effective treatment for severe, recalcitrant nodular acne that has failed conventional therapy. It is the only acne medication that addresses all four...
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Ivabradine selectively reduces heart rate without affecting blood pressure, contractility, or conduction. The SHIFT trial demonstrated reduced heart failure hospitalization in patients with HFrEF...
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A synthetic disaccharide osmotic laxative used for the treatment of chronic constipation and, at higher doses, for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Lactulose is not digested by human enzymes...
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Prescription mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant approved for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder to delay episodes of depression and mania, as well as for epilepsy. Particularly effective...
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A proton pump inhibitor used for the short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, erosive esophagitis, GERD, and as part of multi-drug regimens for H. pylori eradication....
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Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F2-alpha analog and the most widely prescribed first-line medication for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by 25-35%...
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A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor DMARD used for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Leflunomide is an alternative to methotrexate for patients who cannot tolerate...
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Levetiracetam is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug used as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures, myoclonic seizures in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and primary generalized...
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Levodopa/carbidopa is the gold-standard treatment for Parkinson's disease. Levodopa is the metabolic precursor to dopamine and crosses the blood-brain barrier, where it is converted to dopamine by...
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A third-generation (respiratory) fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive (including S. pneumoniae), gram-negative, and atypical organisms. Often called a 'respiratory...
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Levothyroxine (synthetic T4) is the standard treatment for hypothyroidism and is one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. It replaces or supplements deficient thyroid hormone, restoring...
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Linagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes that is unique in its class because it is primarily eliminated via the bile and gut rather than the kidneys. This means no dose adjustment is...
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Liothyronine is a synthetic form of triiodothyronine (T3), the most metabolically active thyroid hormone. It has a faster onset and shorter duration than levothyroxine and is sometimes used in...
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Liraglutide is a once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes (Victoza, up to 1.8 mg) and chronic weight management (Saxenda, 3.0 mg). The LEADER trial demonstrated a...
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Prescription central nervous system stimulant (Schedule II controlled substance) approved for ADHD and moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder. A prodrug that requires enzymatic cleavage in the...
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Lisinopril is a long-acting ACE inhibitor widely used for hypertension, heart failure, and post-myocardial infarction care. It is one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives and has...
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Prescription mood stabilizer and the gold standard for bipolar disorder treatment, with strong evidence for preventing both manic and depressive episodes and reducing suicide risk. Has a narrow...
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A synthetic opioid receptor agonist that acts peripherally on the gastrointestinal tract to reduce diarrhea. Loperamide does not cross the blood-brain barrier at therapeutic doses and therefore...
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A second-generation antihistamine with minimal sedative effects, used for the symptomatic relief of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. One of the least...
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Prescription benzodiazepine (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for anxiety disorders, insomnia due to anxiety, and as a preanesthetic agent. Also widely used for acute seizure management,...
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Losartan was the first ARB approved for clinical use and has strong evidence from the LIFE trial for stroke reduction in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. It is also approved...
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Lovastatin was the first commercially available statin and is a moderate-intensity agent derived from Aspergillus terreus fungus. It was the first drug to clearly demonstrate that lowering...
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Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is a synthetic progestin used orally (Provera) for secondary amenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial protection in HRT, and endometriosis. The injectable...
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A preferential COX-2 inhibiting NSAID with a long half-life allowing once-daily dosing, used primarily for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. At lower doses, meloxicam...
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Memantine is a moderate-affinity, uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist indicated for moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. It is the only approved Alzheimer's drug with a non-cholinergic...
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A 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) agent used as first-line therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Mesalamine acts locally on the colonic mucosa and...
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Metformin is the first-line oral medication for type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. It...
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Methimazole is the preferred antithyroid medication for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, including Graves' disease and toxic multinodular goiter. It inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and is used...
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A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions....
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The anchor DMARD and most widely used first-line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, also indicated for psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis, and certain cancers. Low-dose weekly methotrexate is the...
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Prescription central nervous system stimulant (Schedule II controlled substance) approved for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. One of the most extensively studied...
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Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid available in oral, intramuscular, intravenous, and intra-articular formulations. IV methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) is frequently used for acute...
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A dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and prokinetic agent used for the treatment of GERD, diabetic gastroparesis, and prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and surgery....
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Metoprolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker available in immediate-release (tartrate) and extended-release (succinate) formulations. The MERIT-HF trial demonstrated significant mortality...
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A nitroimidazole antimicrobial with potent activity against anaerobic bacteria and certain protozoa. Alternative treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection when vancomycin or fidaxomicin is...
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Mirabegron is the first-in-class beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist approved for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency. It...
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Prescription noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) approved for major depressive disorder. Known for its sedating and appetite-stimulating properties, which can be...
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An intranasal corticosteroid for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (seasonal and perennial) and nasal polyps. Mometasone furoate nasal spray has one of the lowest systemic bioavailabilities (<0.1%)...
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A leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the maintenance treatment of asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and allergic rhinitis. Blocks cysteinyl leukotriene receptor CysLT1,...
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The prototypical opioid analgesic, morphine is used for the management of severe pain when non-opioid alternatives are inadequate. It is the standard against which other opioids are compared....
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A long-acting nonselective NSAID with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Naproxen's longer half-life allows twice-daily dosing, making it convenient for chronic inflammatory...
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Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used for hypertension and angina (including vasospastic/Prinzmetal angina). The extended-release formulation is preferred; immediate-release...
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A nitrofuran antibiotic used exclusively for the treatment and prophylaxis of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Active against most common UTI pathogens including E. coli (resistance remains...
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Nitroglycerin is a potent vasodilator used for acute relief and prevention of angina pectoris, as well as management of acute heart failure and hypertensive emergencies. Sublingual nitroglycerin is...
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Prescription tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) approved for major depressive disorder. The active metabolite of amitriptyline with a more favorable side effect profile, including less sedation and...
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Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episodes), and in combination with fluoxetine for treatment-resistant...
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Olmesartan is a potent ARB that provides effective blood pressure reduction with once-daily dosing. It is available in multiple fixed-dose combinations. Notably, it carries a unique FDA warning for...
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A widely prescribed proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Omeprazole reduces stomach...
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A selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Ondansetron is one of the most...
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A neuraminidase inhibitor antiviral used for the treatment and prevention of influenza A and B. Most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset, reducing symptom duration by...
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Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic agent used for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms including urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency. It is one of the oldest and most...
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A potent semi-synthetic opioid analgesic used for the management of moderate to severe pain when non-opioid alternatives are inadequate. Available as immediate-release (often combined with...
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A proton pump inhibitor commonly used in both oral and intravenous formulations for the treatment of erosive esophagitis associated with GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and pathological...
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Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) approved for major depressive disorder, GAD, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, OCD, and PTSD. Notable for its potent serotonin...
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Phenytoin is one of the oldest and most widely used antiepileptic drugs, effective for partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is also used for seizure prevention after...
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An osmotic laxative composed of polyethylene glycol 3350, used for the treatment of occasional constipation and chronic idiopathic constipation. PEG 3350 is also used in higher doses for bowel...
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Pramipexole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist with preferential affinity for D3 receptors, used for the treatment of early and advanced Parkinson's disease and moderate-to-severe restless legs...
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Prasugrel is a third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor with faster onset, greater potency, and less inter-patient variability than clopidogrel. The TRITON-TIMI 38 trial demonstrated superior...
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Pravastatin is a moderate-intensity hydrophilic statin with proven cardiovascular benefits in primary and secondary prevention. Unlike lipophilic statins, it is not metabolized by CYP3A4 or CYP2D6,...
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Prednisolone is the active metabolite of prednisone and is used when hepatic conversion is a concern (e.g., liver disease, pediatric patients). It is available as a liquid formulation, making it...
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Prednisone is an oral synthetic corticosteroid widely used for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. It treats a broad range of conditions including autoimmune diseases, allergic...
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A gabapentinoid anticonvulsant FDA-approved for neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury, and...
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A first-generation phenothiazine antihistamine with antiemetic, sedative, and anticholinergic properties. Promethazine is used for prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting from various...
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Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It was the first clinically useful beta-blocker and is used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, migraine...
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An oral sympathomimetic decongestant used for temporary relief of nasal and sinus congestion associated with the common cold, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. Acts as an alpha-adrenergic agonist to...
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Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (manic and depressive episodes), and as adjunctive therapy for major depressive disorder. Also...
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Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor with strong evidence from the HOPE trial showing cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk patients without heart failure or low ejection fraction. It is used for...
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Ranolazine is a unique anti-anginal agent that works by inhibiting the late sodium current without significant hemodynamic effects. Unlike other anti-anginals, it does not significantly reduce heart...
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Risedronate is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate used for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, male osteoporosis, and Paget's disease. The VERT...
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Prescription second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic approved for schizophrenia, bipolar mania, and irritability associated with autistic disorder. One of the most widely studied atypical...
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Rivaroxaban is a direct factor Xa inhibitor approved for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, DVT/PE treatment and prevention, and secondary cardiovascular prevention (with aspirin...
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Rizatriptan is a second-generation triptan for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura. It has faster onset and higher consistency of response compared to sumatriptan in some studies....
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Ropinirole is a non-ergot dopamine agonist selective for D2/D3 receptors, approved for Parkinson's disease and moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome. Similar to pramipexole, it provides an...
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Rosuvastatin is a high-intensity statin and one of the most potent agents for lowering LDL cholesterol. The JUPITER trial demonstrated its benefit in primary prevention among patients with elevated...
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Sacubitril/valsartan is a first-in-class ARNI that combines neprilysin inhibition with AT1 receptor blockade. The PARADIGM-HF trial demonstrated a 20% reduction in cardiovascular death and heart...
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Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist available as a once-weekly injection (Ozempic for diabetes, Wegovy for obesity) and as a daily oral tablet (Rybelsus for diabetes)....
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Prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly prescribed for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD, and social anxiety disorder....
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Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor originally developed for angina and subsequently approved for erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). As...
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Simvastatin is a moderate-to-high intensity statin with landmark evidence from the 4S and HPS trials demonstrating significant cardiovascular mortality reduction. It is administered as an inactive...
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Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes. It enhances the body's incretin system to improve glycemic control. It is well tolerated, weight-neutral, and has...
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Sotalol has dual properties: non-selective beta-blockade (class II) and potassium channel blockade that prolongs repolarization (class III). It is used for atrial fibrillation/flutter and...
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Spironolactone is a non-selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with landmark evidence from the RALES trial demonstrating a 30% mortality reduction in severe heart failure. It is also used...
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A prodrug combining sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) linked by an azo bond, used for the treatment of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Colonic bacteria...
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Sumatriptan is the prototypical triptan and the first serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist developed specifically for the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura. It is also...
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Prescription dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA; Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep onset and/or sleep maintenance. Represents a novel...
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Tadalafil is a long-acting PDE5 inhibitor approved for erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Its prolonged duration of action (up...
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Tamsulosin is a selective alpha-1A adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Its selectivity for the...
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An allylamine antifungal that is the treatment of choice for dermatophyte infections (onychomycosis, tinea capitis). Highly effective against Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton species....
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Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is indicated for male hypogonadism when low testosterone levels are confirmed by laboratory testing with consistent signs and symptoms. The Testosterone Trials...
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Ticagrelor is a direct-acting, reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor that does not require hepatic activation. The PLATO trial demonstrated superiority over clopidogrel in reducing cardiovascular...
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Timolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used topically to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. For decades it was the...
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A long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA/long-acting anticholinergic) that is a first-line maintenance bronchodilator for COPD and an add-on controller for moderate-to-severe asthma. Provides...
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A centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for the management of spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. Tizanidine provides muscle relaxation with shorter...
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Topiramate is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic approved for partial-onset and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and migraine prophylaxis. It is also used off-label...
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A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic with a dual mechanism of action, used for the management of moderate to moderately severe pain. Tramadol has weaker mu-opioid receptor affinity than...
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Prescription serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) approved for major depressive disorder. Most commonly used off-label at low doses as a sleep aid due to its potent sedating and...
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Oral tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA) is a retinoid that induces differentiation of immature promyelocytes into mature granulocytes. It is the cornerstone of treatment for acute...
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A synergistic combination antibiotic containing trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in a 1:5 ratio. Effective against many gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. A first-line agent for...
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The L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir, providing 3-5 times higher oral bioavailability than acyclovir. This allows less frequent dosing (2-3 times daily vs 5 times daily) with equivalent or...
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Prescription mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant approved for bipolar mania, epilepsy (multiple seizure types), and migraine prophylaxis. Effective for acute mania and mixed episodes. Carries...
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Valsartan is an ARB with evidence from the Val-HeFT and VALIANT trials for heart failure and post-MI management. It is also a key component of the combination drug sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto),...
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Prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Exhibits...
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Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine-type non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with the strongest negative inotropic and chronotropic effects among CCBs. It is used for hypertension, angina,...
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Warfarin is an oral vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant used for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders including atrial fibrillation, mechanical heart valves, deep vein thrombosis, and...
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Zoledronic acid is the most potent bisphosphonate available, administered as an annual IV infusion for osteoporosis (Reclast) or more frequently for hypercalcemia of malignancy and bone metastases...
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Prescription non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic (Schedule IV controlled substance) approved for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Selectively targets GABA-A receptors containing the alpha-1...
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